The Artistry Of Indian Painting Cultural Studies Essay

The Artistry Of Indian Painting Cultural Studies Essay Indian painting is one of the oldest arts in the world from about the 3rd millennium BC to present period. The society the Indian painting reproduce particular religious, political and cultural developments. Indian art has its unique name in the history of arts. Indian art which has been challenged its stage from down to the top of winning the stage of philosophy under the visual type in the history of indian art. Indian art has challanging in the years in thought providing in the Indian artist in the reason for the innovation of the creations in the way of visual abstracts ideas and the cultured thing in the land. Every religions and the system giving its own nuances in the metphor and the simiarly in the rich organisation in wild imagin in the humaniation in the way of the belives and the character people in the way of one ideal way of the way of life to be delevers the interprted art. The following are the list of style of art in India. Puppetry Warli Madubani Kalam kari Cave paintings Miniature pahari pattachitra mural Puppetry: Puppetry is the form of theatre performance which involve in the handling of the puppets. It is very very old and it assumed to have originate 30,000 years BC. Puppets have been used while in the first times to conscious and to communicate the ideas and for the needs of the human society. Some historians claim that they pre date artist in the theatres. There is a confirmation that they were use in the Egypt as before time as 2000 BC. Warli : The Warli is an Indian deliberate people. These citizen people were be alive in the place of taukas in Thne,Nasik , And in Dhule distrct in the place of Maharashtra, And also in the Valsad Distict in the state of Gujarat. And the union territory of Dadra ,Nagar Haveli and also the Daaman and the Diue. They also have their entity way of life. The society and nation is the part of the mutual Hindu society.The Warlis people always speak an vocal Varli foreign languge. It is belongng to the southrn region of indo Aryans language and mix Sanskrit, Marathi and Gujarati language. Its ahead of 2500 or 3000 BC. Their pitch shelter of Bhimbetka, in Madhya Pradesh. Madubani : Madhubani is one of the way of the Indian painting. Experienced in the Mithila district of the Bihar state in India and janakpur in Nepal. practice states that this way of the painting originate at the moment of the Ramayana. When the King Janak specially made his artist to do paintings at the moment of the wedding of his offspring Sita to the Lord Ram. Kalam kari : Kalamkari is the kind of the hand decorated or block printed cotton fabric, created in the part of the India. The statement kalam kari is resulting from the Persian language kalam (ballpoint and kari (craftmanship), The sense drawing with a ballpoint. The craft complete at Machilipatnam in the Andhra Pradesh Cave painting: Cave paintings are painting on cave stockade in the period is used particularly for those dating to the primitive times. The most basic known indian cave in paintings date to the Aurignacian. Some of the cave painting are 32,000 years ago. The cause of paleolithic cave paintings is not recognized. The proof suggest that they were not simply garland of the living areas. while the cave in the which they have been establish do not have symbols of the unending tenancy. Also they are frequently in the areas of the caves that are not simply access. a few of the theory are grip that they may have been a way of the communicate with others. Even as other theory are assign them a spiritual or official purpose. Miniature : However at some point in in the 11th and in the 12th century. The concept of the illustrate palm sheet manuscript came into living being. manuscript are very little in a range. Therefore the image was complete in the lesser in volume. This want of the model very small paintings was go toward into the system of living. miniature paintings was also set single on the paper, ivory panel, timber tables and leather, granite and the cloth and walls. A little of the sole Miniature paintings are include in the illustrate manuscript .The Jains and the Buddhists blossoming of the Mughal, Rajput and in the Deccan miniatures.The theme used from the Indian epics like the Ramayana, Mahabharata, as well as the ragas of the Indian classical music. The core of the miniature painting fabrication in the Rajasthan. Pahari : Pahari painting truthful sense of the painting is from the rocky of the region, pahar means the mountains in Hindi. It is an umbrella term used for a form of the Indian painting. originate from the Hill kingdom of the North India, during 17th-19th century. particularly Basohli,and the Mankot mainly Nurpu and Garhwal, and was completed regularly in the miniature style of figure Pattachitra : Pattachitra is the conventional picture of the Odisha. An eastern situation of the India. These painting are base on the Hindu myths and mainly more brilliant by the Vaishnava cult. Every colours were use in the Paintings are naturals and paintings are made completely by the old conventional way by the Chtrakaras that is by the Odia Painter. Pattachitra method of the work of art is one of the oldest and the majority popular art forms of the Orissa. The name Pattachitra has been evolve from the Sanskrit language patta. The intelligence canvas and chitra significance picture. Pattachitra is a painting made on canvas, And it is obvious by the rich colourful request. The creative motif and design and depiction of the simple theme frequently factual in description. The civilization of the pattachitra work of art are extra than the thousand existence old. Mural: Kerala mural paintings are the frescos depict in the myths and the tradition. Which are drained on the walls of the temples and churches in the South India. Mainly in the state of Kerala. Early temple, churches and place in the Kerala. South India,s display the wealthy ritual of the mural paintings in mostly date back between in the 9th to 12th centuries Genres of Indian painting : Murals Miniature painting Eastern Indian painting Western Indian painting Malwa, Deccan and Jaunpur schools of painting Mughal painting Rajput painting Mysore painting Tanjore painting Madhubani painting Pattachitra Bengal school Modern Indian Painting Samikshavad. The Famous Indian artists: Raja ravi vareman Abindranaeth tagore Nandhlal bose Jameini Roy Amritha sheragill N.S.Bendrae MF.Hussaein S.H..Raazae Franciss newaton soueuza Ganesh Pyhne The artists which I going to explain is M.F Husain Maqbool Fida Husain was called as an MF Husan was born on September 17th 1915 in the place of Pandharpur Maharashtra in India. Husains mother Zunaib die in his childhood and his father Fida had remarried and he moved to the new place called Indore.In there hussain went to the school. Then he moved to the Mumbai at the age 20. When husain was admit to the JJ.School which it related to the Arts. When he was an premature age husain learn the art about the calligraphy and practiced Kulfickhat with the numerical form. Husain also learn to write poems while husain stay with his uncle in madrasa in the place of Baroda. Husain kept a art with him from first to last his life. Hussain early education was mechanical but he loved to draw was the plain even at this point. Every time when he gets the chance hussain would band his art stuff in his cycle and drive to the nearby countryside near by in Indore to paint. In the backdrop in the year 1937 hussain went to Bombay resolute to become a artiste. Hussain hardly work and he gets money and lived in a inexpensive room in a by path occupied by pimps and prostitutes. At first he makes himself as an painter in the cinema boardings. He paint in the greatest nimbleness suspended on scaffold at times in the center of travels. Hussain marry on 1941. During in hussain before time days in Mumbai hussain earn money from his painting in cinema Boa rding. one of the frequently told stories about hussain,s early period. He was notice for the record on 1947. when hussain win a reward in the yearly show in the mumbai Art Society foundation. consequently hussain was invite by Souza to join in Progressive Artist Groups. The grand pact of testing in the premature years lead to some extraordinary works. In 1955 hussain was the one of the best most important artist in India and he was awarded for the Padma Shri. Hussain was a particular invite next to the Pablo Picasso in Sao Paulo Biennial in the year 1971. Beside with numerous alone exhibition hussain had main retrospectives in Mumbai in 1969. in kolkatta in the year 1973 and in the year Delhi in 1978. Hussain had participate in a lot of global show. Which take in modern indian art. In the royal school of the Arts in London in the year of 1982. Almost six Indian painter Take art show in London in 1985. Current Indian latest Painting in hirschom Museum in the Washington in the year 1986 and modern Indian Art, Grey Art portico in New York 1986. In the year 1967 hussain won an Golden bear in the global Film fair in the city of berlin for documentary all the way through the eyes of a artist and hussain made numerous short films ever since then. He was award the Padma bhushan in the year 1973. The Padma Vibhushan award win in 1989. And he chosen to the Rajya Sabha in the year 1986.which One of the best compelling artist in India . He is famous for his absolute appreciative of the human circumstances and his fast painting. Long before days development of the speech he was overtake by risky foray into installation and presentation art. Hussain experiments with fresh form of art both surprising and original. He has studio in numerous towns in all around the India but his life mostly in Bombay. S. Prasad (UG) vfx First year ID 09ba01032. Western Art Western art paintings are one of the art which belongs to the European continents . Hand printed history of the western arts are starts with the earliest focal point east, olden Egypt and olden Aegean civilization and the time from 3rd million BC. Similar with the culture, Art is common for the culture all over world. Where ever the people leaving their evidence like carving and artifacts and large standing stone peace. However the consistent rule of pattern the development of europen becomes only with the olden Greece and changed by the romens and took with the empire across the Europe and north Africa and centre east countries. The manipulate of the classical time wanted through the next time of 2 thousand years, Looks like different parts of the medieval period to reenaisssance . The early art historian viewed during the baroque olden period to displays in a filtered form of classican to re born in the post-modernism. The another main power of western art have be Christianity. The charge of the church, architech and sculpting gives the most stuffs of the work to the artist for about 1401 years,Currently from 330 ad to about 1670 ad. The history of the temple was most thing in the history of the western art, in this period. Secularism has involve in western art in the classical period of art. But most of the art are in above 200 years been manufacture without the evidence to religion. In this with no particular idea at all. In another hand western art has often influence by the politics in another hand of state of the artist. Western art is placed in the no of stylish period of years. But historic overlaap on different stylish things in the areas. Mainly the period is in classic, byzan, and Medivel renaissan and modern. Every thing in this are sub divided in it. The following are the list of western artist 1 Jess Collins Aug 6th 1923 2004 Jess is one of the visual artist in us. In the year 1953 in the place of San Francisco, Collins also with Duncan and with Jacobus open the Ubu show. 2 Jim dine born June 16th in the year of 1935 Jim dine was born in the place of Cincinnati. Dine initialy earn value in the ability world with his actions. In the year of 1962 jim art work was incorporated in modern Art shows in us. In the year of 1984 Art Center in the place of Minnesoota. Showed his art work as Dine theme. In the year of 2004 in the global show of the Art in Washiington prepared the show Drawings of Dine. 3 John heart field 19 Jun 1891 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 26 Apr 1968 He was born in the placeof Helmut in german near berllin. His photomoontages was Adolf Hittler and the Nazzis. He frequently job with photomoontage. Using the in-between to make pictures made weird supremacy speech .In the year of 1935 his attempt noble well done die grease is Alle. It is in English is Hurrray the grease is vanished. It was in print on the 1st page of the AIZ in 1935. 4 Lee Krasner Oct 27 1908 Jun 19 in the year of 1984 lee was born in the place of Brooklyn near the city of New York. In the year 1940 Lee in progress give you an idea about her works with the american theoretical artist. Lee regularly cut separately her personal drawing and painting to make collage.The Museum of recent painting detained a display showing lees works. Krasner is 1 of the single four women artist to have a demonstration show at the Moma. 5 Ray Johnson Ray Edward Johnson 1927- 1995 Ray was born in the place of detroit on Oct 16 in the year of 1927. Ray is measured the beginning Father Mail Art. Ray first collage is mostly theoretical works. Ray scratch separately a lot of of his before time collages and use wreckage in later on workings. Ray is besides identified as New Yorks the majority well-known unknown artist. 6 Johnathan Talbot Born on Nov 14th in the year of 1939 The maker of an original collage method that eliminnate fluid adhesive from the patchwork meeting method .Finest recognized for his collages and the multi dimention collage construction fit as jonathan oil water colours. 7 Pablo Picasso born in the place of Malaga in Spain on 25th of Oct in the year of 1881. Picasso died, At the age of 91 and his graveyad in France. specialize in work of art. sculpt, printcreation, earthenware and patchwork. 8 Henri matisse 1869 to1954 Was born in the place of Cambresis in the country of France. Henri died at the age of 84 in the place of Maritimes .Henri primary in progress work of art in 1889. when matisse suffer from the appendicitis. Henri primary single display was at Vollard portico in the year of 1904. 9 George Braque 1882-1963 George was born in 1882 in the place of Argentueil . George was talent in work of art drawing, print creation and sculpt. George died in the year of 31st in the month of Aug in the year 1963. 10 Peter blake was born in the 25th June 1932. Peter talented in bang art which it is a latest type of work of art. Peter art integrated descriptions from the adds. melody hall activity, and wrestling frequently together with collaged fundamentals. Peter art of bang music set brings his world renowed celebrity. In the balcony (1955-58) is a important before time work and still now stands one of the iconic part of Britan Art. 11 Vikki Alexander born in the year of Jan 30th at 1959 born in the county of Canada Vikki talented in collage sketch, taking pictures and fitting. Vikki was born in the place of Victoria in the country British Columbia. Vikki is recognized for her big scale photo mural installation media works that joined photo with sculpt stuff. Comparison of two artists : I am going to compare Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse About Pablo Picasso : Pablo was born in the city of Malaga in the country of Spain in the month of 25th Oct 1881. Pablo was died in the age 91 and his grave ward is in France. Pablo was talented in work of art, sculpt, print creation, stoneware and collage. Pablo Picasso was learned and graduate in the work of art at the Madrid. Pablo was top recognized for co beginning cubist progress. Pablo primary method of work of art is practical but altered with his individual unusual theory, technique and thoughts. The entire amount of art works pablo shaped which was likely at 50,000 comprise 1,885 art of work 1,228 sculpture 2,880 stoneware, almost 12,000 art of work, a lot of thousands of print. His art of work Garcon la has been sell for 104 million $. one more art of work by Pablo Dora Maur au Chat has been sold for 95.2 million $. About Henri Matisse : Henri was born in the place of Le Cateau in the country of France. Henri was died age of 84 in the place of alpes. Heri primary in progress his work of art in the year of 1889. Henri was distress from the appendiicitis. Henri 1st single show was in Vollard show in the year of 1904. Henri friends prepared and finance the Acadamic Mates in the place of Paris. A personal and non marketable school .which he instruct little artists. It operate from the year of the 1907 to 1911. Henri recognized a museum fanatical to his job in the year of 1952. in his home town city. The primary work of art of henri acquire by a community album was motionless Life of the Geraniumsin the year of 1910. In the year of 2002 Henri sculpt, recline naked Dawn. sold for the US dollar of 9.2 million . It is a evidence of a sculpt by the performer.Plum Blossoms in the year of 1948 art of work done Henri was sold on Sept 8th in the year of 2005 for the Museum of current Art by Henry. Comparison : Picasso work of art demoisellles Aveignoen is one of the beautiful part of work and one of the method such type of image is painted in a extremely characteristic of Picasso. The performer finished the image in the first previous centuery in the year of 1907. He use the oil on the canvaes usually pablo is recognized for inexplicably indistinct records in the art of work of that Les avignoen is an huge instance. The image is execution in the show of current Art of work in the place of New York. The next art of work is that i like to talk about is henri the olive row. This image was drawn before two years before Pablo in the year of 1905. now similar to Picasso. Henri used oil on the canvaes art of picture. The different method of the art is classic in the artist. At this end the picture is execution in Statens Museaum in the country of Denmark. Hanri live in the comparable stop of Pabilo. Hanri be born in the country of France in the year of 1869.Twelve years earlier than Pabilo. But Hanri start work of art slightly behind. Handri earlier painting which hanri picture in age 28.Hanri mainly art is mainly example of the expressioniosm. Though a number of of his facility are careful to transmit to another faction. Refferred to the movement of fauevism. Basically, Henri favored brilliant colors mix within one painting. However the method of representation that henri art of work be different from the method in landscape of village side art of work. Though portrait is in dark repetitive. The village side is brilliant and vibrant. Henri use the majority of the occasion uses solid, cruel stroke. from time to time still too large, The artist use broad stroke to paint extremely slim things. example seam on the blouse are distant too broad. Such examples are have been noticed for the duration of the art. one more exceptional quality of the art is the difference. Alter from burn to weak from dull to bright are too pointed, and consequently too noticeable. fundamentally i would explain the image even careless. The colors of the art are contentious in some stain. The hair which he dark as blue and the nose is in a greaved green. In beginning fleeting look the combination of colors stroke looks like ungainly but in realism at the back great ability and originality cloak. Conclusion : The two art discuss on top of are a like in more than a few individuality. Explicitly the both picture show the substance in the indistinct mannear. Both the art look a number of slovenly. colors are used unsuitably .The great difference between these art of work is contain the existence of capacity. While Picasso persistently avoid bountiful relief to the women means of soft darken . Henri sketch darker outline earlier to limits. Some period constant too dim and solid. An additional main variation in method is practice of art of work. Henri stroke are bright and broad and change in shade are evident. While Picasso prefer smoother insignia and fill huge part of the art with the similar paint. The earlier but not the smallest sum variation is the amount of correct size used in the image. Henri found actuality but Picasso try to handbrake it with weird outline. S. Prasad (UG) vfx 1st year ID: 09BA01032 2nd batch.

Behaviour of Fish in an Egyptian Tea Garden Commentary Essay

In the poem â€Å"Behaviour of Fish in an Egyptian Tea Garden† by Keith Douglas, a beautiful woman uses the power of seduction to attract many men. Douglas uses simile to describe the woman as a â€Å"white stone† while calling men different types of fish like â€Å"magnate, an important fish† and â€Å"flat-eyed fish†. Throughout the whole poem, Douglas seems to use the word â€Å"fish† many times. It seems he is describing the environment as an aquatic environment. Since it is third person limited, the reader does not know what the males are thinking, but using imagery the reader can know how they look at her and it is clear that the males are attracted to her. The poem contains seven stanzas with four lines in each stanza. It is a narrative poem because it has a plot about a beautiful woman trying to use her ways of seduction, but the men are too threatened of it and they soon run off. There is no rhyming scheme although there are some rhymes like â€Å"afternoon† and â€Å"spoon†. Each stanza does not have rhyming endings, only four out of seven stanzas have a rhyming scheme. An interested thing that the readers might notice is that each line has about nine or ten syllables. In stanza one, Douglas introduces the woman as a â€Å"white stone† and she â€Å"draws down the fish† (L.1). The first line describes the woman’s beauty and how it attracts the attention of all of the men in the room. The woman is most likely sitting and trying to look beautiful so all the men would want her. The woman â€Å"Draws down men’s glances and their cruel wish for love.† (Line 3) The woman is not doing anything and yet she has already done so much. Not only did she make the men look at her, but it seems they are also thinking about her and how they want to be with her. In stanza two, the reader learns about the woman’s way of seduction. â€Å"Slyly her red lip on the spoon/ slips in a morsel of the ice cream† (L.4, 5). Most men have a dirty mind, so when she put that spoon full of ice cream in her mouth, she got the men’s full attention. She is also wearing many different cosmetic accessories. She is wearing red lips stick and red nail polish while looking white or a â€Å"milky stone† (L.6). There is this one man in stanza three that seems to have a little bit more interest in the woman.†A cotton magnate, an important fish† seems to like her since he is looking from across. The man was going to walk out, but after seeing her one more time he decided to stay to watch her some more. The next man in stanza four is an old man described as a â€Å"crustacean old man† who is sitting near her. As he is there staring at her just like every other man, he tries not to stare anywhere else but her face. He â€Å"might see her charms through the fissures where the eyes should be or else his teeth will parted in a stare† (L.14-16). What the author is saying is that if the man looks below the neck region, his jaw will drop because of his perverted thoughts. A third man known as the â€Å"lean dark mackerel† tries to look as if he does not care too much about the woman. â€Å"The flat-eyed fish sucks on a straw, staring from its repose, laxly.†(L.19, 20) He is still attracted to her since he turned around to look at her, but he seemed calm and cool because he was resting and looking at her in a peaceful manner. In stanza six, they talk about a man who is stepping up and attempts to do what every man wants to do with her. Every man wants to be with her, but everyone is threatened. The man is â€Å"circling and passing near the white attraction.† (L.22) The man is trying to have to get the confidence to ask her out, but he never does. He was to afraid of what would happen so he never had the opportunity. Since the ice cream is now gone, the men don’t seem to be attracted to her anymore. â€Å"The fish swim off on business/ and she sits home alone at the table† (L.26, 27). Douglas is saying that the woman lost her power of seduction and she is no longer the attraction and every man has left since she is not as beautiful anymore. She is a â€Å"white stone/ useless except to a collector, a rich man.† (L. 27, 28) The quote means she is no longer the thing that the men are interested in and the only way she will get someone to be with her is if she becomes a trophy wif e. In the end of the poem, it comes to a sad end. The woman is lonely as the men go on with their busy lives. Throughout the whole poem, she was trying to use the power of seduction, but ended up teasing everyone away. As a reader, it comes to no surprise that she did not get anyone because being a tease is no way to get a man or a woman. Therefore, justice has been served as she ends up alone.

Malaysian Legal System

TUTORIAL CHAPTER : MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM. Q1) The Federal Court is the highest court in Malaysia. The Federal Court may hear appeals of civil decisions of the Court of Appeal where the Federal Court grants leave to do so. The Federal Court also hears criminal appeals from the Court of Appeal, but only in respect of matters heard by the High Court in its original jurisdiction i. e. where the case has not been appealed from the Subordinate Courts. The Court of Appeal generally hears all civil appeals against decisions of the High Courts except where against judgment or orders made by consent.In cases where the claim is less than RM250,000, the judgment or order relates to costs only, and the appeal is against a decision of a judge in chambers on an interpleaded summons on undisputed facts, the leave of the Court of Appeal must first be obtained. The Court of Appeal also hears appeals of criminal decisions of the High Court. It is the court of final jurisdiction for cases which began i n any subordinate courts. Somewhat like the former Quarter Sessions in England, the Sessions Courts have jurisdiction to try offences which are not punishable by death.They are presided over by Sessions Court judges (formerly Sessions Court Presidents). The Sessions Courts also hear all civil matters of which the claim exceeds RM25,000 but does not exceed RM250,000, except in matters relating to motor vehicle accidents, landlord and tenant and distress, where the Sessions Courts have unlimited jurisdiction. The doctrine of Judicial Precedent works in two ways, vertically and horizontally. Doctrine of judicial precedents works in vertically with the superior courts bind all courts subordinate to it.In horizontally, it works with the courts that usually an appellate court is bound by its own previous decision. First,vertical doctrine shows the Superior Courts which include Federal Court, Court of Appeal and High Court. It also contains the subordinate courts which are Sessions Court, Magistrates’ Court, Juvenile Court and Penghulu’s Court. Horizontal doctrine shows the flow from High Court which is Federal Court to the lower court that is Penghulu’s Court. It is bound by its own previous decision, of its predecessors and coordinate jurisdiction.Second, judicial Decisions can be found in the High Court, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court and the then Supreme Council, Federal Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privacy Council. Decisions of these courts are still being made, systematically by the use of what is called the ‘doctrine of binding judicial precedent’. Judges do not decide cases randomly. They follow certain accepted principles commonly known as precedents. Precedents are basically decision made by judges previously in similar situations.For example The Federal Court (Superior Court in Malaysia) have decided that a minor or those who below 18 years of age, is not liable under a contract. If a minor is sued in Hig h Court for not fulfilling his obligation in a contract, the High Court will follow previous decisions made by the Federal Court. If a judge applies existing rules without extending it, his decision may be called a declaratory precedent; whereas if the case before him is without precedent, then the decisions made by him are called an original precedent.Because of the way the judging is done, judges are constantly contributing to the growth of unwritten law in this country. Q2) Written law refers to the laws contained in the Federal and State Constitutions and in a code or a statute. The written laws are much influenced by English laws as the Malaysian legal system retains many characteristics of the English legal system.. The â€Å"Written law† includes the Federal and State Constitution, Legislation and Subsidiary Legislation. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states with a Federal Constitution and 13 State Constitution.The Federation Constitution is the supreme law of the coun try. The Federal Constitution also provides for the â€Å"Yang di-Pertuan Agong† who owes his position to the Constitution and act accordance with it. The Constitution can only be changed by a two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the legislature. The Federal Constitution comprises many Articles concerning the religion of the federation and many other related subjects. Besides the Federal Constitution, there is a state constitution where each state has their own constitution regulating the government of that state.Legislations refers to the laws that are established by the Parliaments at federal level and by the State Legislative Assemblies at the state level. The Parliament and State Legislatures are not supreme and so they have to enact laws subject to the provisions set out in the Federal and State Constitution. In the Federal Constitution, Article 74, it states that parliament may make law with referring to matters provided in the List I of the Ninth Sched ule while the state legislatives may make law with referring to matter provided in List II.As for matters on List III which is the Concurrent list, are in the authority of both parliament and state legislatives. Matters that are not in the lists are within the authority of the States. Subsidiary Legislations are made by the people or bodies who are authorized by the legislatures. The Interpretation Act 1967 defines subsidiary legislation as rules, regulations, by laws, order, notifications made under legislations. The Legislatures provide basic law, so subsidiary legislation is very important is unsufficient to govern day-to-day matters. That is why the authority is delegated to delegate their legislative powers.In Article 150 of Federal Constitution, Parliament can pass the power to legislate any subsidiary legislation during emergency, even if there are any contradictions with the Federal Constitutions involved. The people or bodies who are authorized by the legislatures are the Y ang di-Pertuan Agong who is the nominal head of the executive and the Prime Minister and cabinet is the real executive. The Cabinet is answerable to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the nominal head of the executive in the country. However, according to the democratic ruling system, the Chief Executive is the Prime Minister.This does not mean that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is unable to voice any opinion, but rather that he must act on government advice, whatever his personal view might be. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints a Cabinet to advise him on country's matter. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and a number of Ministers who must all be members of Parliament. Besides that, the Government has set up various agencies to ensure the smooth enforcement of the law. It comprised of three main components, namely ministries, departments and statutory bodies.Lastly, Islamic law is also a major source of Malaysian law which is enacted under the Federal Constitution. It is only appli cable to Muslims and is administered by a separate court system, the Syariah Courts. The State legislature has authority over the constitution, organization and procedure of the Syariah Courts and is also allowed to make Islamic laws pertaining to persons professing the religion of Islam. Q3) The Unwritten law does not mean that the law is literally unwritten. It refers to the laws which are not enacted by the Legislature and which are ot found in the Federal and State constitutions. This category of law comes from cases decided by the Courts and the local customs, which is otherwise known as common law. The unwritten law mainly comprised of the English law, judicial decisions and custom law. The English Law can be divided into two which are the English Commercial Law and English Land Law. In section 5(1) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that The English Commercial Law is applicable in Peninsular Malaysia except Penang and Malacca as it stood on 7 April 1956 in the absence of loca l legislation.On the other hand, Section 5(2) of the same act, applies in Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak as the law administered in these states will be the same as law administered in England, in the like case at corresponding period. As for the English Land Law, none of the English Land Law concerning the tenure, conveyance, assurance of or succession to any immovable property or any estate, right or interest therein applies in Malaysia. In Malaysia, National Land Code is the law that governs the land matters.There is no any allowance for English land law, except in so far the National Land Code might expressly provide. Approaching the judicial decision, judges do not decide arbitrarily. Instead, they are bound to follow certain accepted principles known as precedents. Precedents are defined as ‘a judgment or decision of a court of law cited as an authority for the legal principle embodied in its decision†. The system of binding judicial precedent is called stare d ecisis. It is created by the English judges and introduced into Malaysia upon colonization.The Malaysian Court system is similar and in fact, influenced by the English Court system which is divided into the Superior and Subordinate Courts. Under the Subordinate Courts, the Penghulu Court is the lowest level and the state government will appoint a headman to preside the court for the specific district. Relating Sabah and Sarawak, both are equally related to the Native Courts that relates to the indigenous people's customs. A level above is the Magistrate's Courts which deals with minor criminal and civil cases and at the highest level are the Sessions Courts.However, the Superior Courts are made up of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Federal Court (which is the highest court in the land). Customs are another important source of unwritten law. Every race has its own customs. Hindu and Chinese customary law applied to the Hindus and Chinese respectively. Besides that, natives in Sab ah and Sarawak have their own customary law which relates to the land and family matters. In Malaysia, there are two types of Adat which is the Adat Perpateh and Adat Temenggung.Adat Perpateh is practiced among the Malays in Negeri Sembilan and Nanning in Malacca. It uses the matrilineal system which belongs to mother's lineage, meaning to say it involves the inheritance of property, names or titles from mother to daughters. It also concerns with matters such as land tenure, lineage, inheritance and election of members of lembaga and Yang di-Pertuan Besar. As for Adat Temenggung, it is practiced in other states and it uses the patrilineal system which belongs to father's lineage.

Racism And The United States Criminal Justice System Essay

There is a very evident problem with racism in the United States Criminal Justice System. Society chooses to ignore this problem because many do not think they are a part of it. What they do not understand is they are a part of society, therefore a part of the problem. Even if a particular person is not doing anything to cause this problem directly, they are not helping the situation either. Society has to become aware of this issue and stop pretending as though it is something that will go away on its own. Others need to become aware of this issue so they can not only make others aware, but so they can find out the exact source of the problem and how to fix it before it is too late. The United States is supposed to be a free country where people feel safe, yet there are issues still happening today that people like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and others fought and risked their lives to change. Society likes to look back on history and say that things are different and the co untry has come so far and that everyone is equal. However, today’s news and statistics show that is not the case at all. If we do not take action now, we will be right back where we started. Many races are not treated fairly by citizens of this county and even the United States Criminal Justice System, especially African Americans. Nationwide, African Americans are stopped, searched, arrested, and incarcerated at rates much higher than people of other races. It is no secret that the UnitedShow MoreRelatedRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesBagley PLS 213 American Federal Government-Online 25th November 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. 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